Business

Leadership – Mechanistic and Organic Organizational Structures

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Organizations are defined by McShane and Von Glinow as “groups of people who work interdependently towards some purpose” (McShane, Von Glinow, 2012, p.5). For these groups of people to successfully achieve their shared goals and purposes, there must be some level of strategic coordination among them that facilitates a degree of collaboration that is both efficient and effective. This necessary coordination reflects the organizational structure, which can be broadly classified as mechanical or organic (McShane, Von Glinow, 2012).

Characteristics of mechanistic and organic structures.

The mechanistic structure is characterized by a narrow span of control, indicating a tall, vertical structure with many hierarchical layers. Authority in mechanistic structures is centralized and power is held at the top of the organization. They tend to have a high degree of formalization, with many standardizations, rules and procedures. The flow of communication is like the structure, vertical as opposed to horizontal. The organic structure is exactly the opposite. It has a wide control range, which makes the structure horizontal and flatter.

Decision making is decentralized in the organization. Instead of standardization, organizational structures are much more informal and flexible, with a greater flow of horizontal communication (McShane, Von Glinow, 2012).

Choosing the best organizational structure

To some extent, both types of structures are necessary in any organization. It is the internal and external environmental dynamics of the organization that determine the degree of mechanical or organic characteristics that are most appropriate at any given stage of organizational life. Most organizations start out very simple and become more complex as they grow and expand. Having fewer customers, employees, and product lines creates a relatively stable environment during which the mechanistic structure works best.

Stability is the ideal time to standardize procedures and establish operational rules and policies that create a basic framework for the organization’s functioning. With fewer employees, the span of control can be narrower and higher, providing closer supervision and assigning employees to more specialized roles during these crucial start-up periods that can last several years. This higher hierarchical structure also facilitates centralized decision making, which is appropriate during a time when organizations are developing a culture and establishing their position within their respective industries.

As organizations grow, Daft and Marcic (2011) describe two major changes that occur that create the need for a more organic trend structure. The first occurrence is the result of a larger customer base, product lines, and/or number of services offered, which means the organization must hire more employees. Growing customer demands also require more specialized customer service, which means more departments. New departments will require the creation of new roles for those departments. New product lines will create a need for greater awareness of the environment and the legal regulations relating to those products. All of these new challenges may require changes to standardized procedures to match the new demands, increasingly disrupting the carefully planned routine procedures and policies of the mechanistic structure (Daft, Marcic, 2011).

Organizational growth is typically characterized by rapid change, creating a need for a higher level of coordination across the organization. This coordination refers to the quality of collaboration between employees and departments, which is best facilitated with the flattest organizational structure and consistent with the organizational structure. It means organizing with teams and networks of people, and increasing capacity for horizontal communication, which encourages information sharing, which inevitably empowers lower-ranking employees to make quick, quality decisions in these rapidly changing environments. It does not totally alleviate the need for the vertical dimension, but it does create the requirement for a greater horizontal dimension (Daft, Marcic, 2011).

How both structures work together

National American University (NAU) is an excellent example of why organizations need both vertical and horizontal dimensions. Its vertical dimension consists of its board of directors and those who oversee the executive functions of the organization and report to shareholders. This dimension also encompasses the operating departments that have responsibilities for environmental elements such as federal regulations. Because the university has both physical and virtual facilities, they must follow state and local regulations, in addition to adhering to Internet safety standards. These are all areas that are encompassed with the vertical sphere of your structure. Its horizontal dimension is most applicable to its ability to provide personalized services to its students and staff members. Managing the financial and academic needs of students and staff requires high-quality collaboration between departments.

conclusion

Although organizations may favor one structure more than the other, both mechanistic and organic structures are necessary for organizations to achieve their goals. As organizations grow and change to meet rapidly changing environmental factors, they must be able to adapt their structure to their changing environment. Adaptation may require expanding your span of control to increase the quality of collaboration; may involve lowering the level of formalization by overturning or modifying established policies and procedures and other routine functions that no longer function in the more complex environment; and may include empowering rank-and-file employees, through a willingness to openly share information and power.

References

Daft, R.L., Marcic D. (2011). Understanding management 7th edition. Southwest Cengage Learning. Mason, OH 45040.

McShane, SL, Von Glinow, MA (2012). Organizational behavior. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York, NY. 10020

Home Kitchen

Build a functional stained glass workshop

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Building a working stained glass workshop in your home is not as complicated as you might think. I have done it and it works very well.

First of all, it might be informative to point out that our store is actually located in the smallest area (room) of our basement. My wife and I made sure we had adequate lighting by installing two 40-watt fluorescent lamps and 4 bulbs in the grid of the suspended ceiling. I then installed enough outlets on each wall to handle the electrical load even when we weld. Our lights don’t dim.

My wife found a fantastic table (Ikea – bruised and battered apartment). It was only $20 and its height is adjustable. This table measures 63″ long x 30″ deep. It is so perfect for making stained glass. Sometimes I want the work surface higher than other times, depending on what I’m doing. I just click on a little control under the table and it moves up or down. Since the two of us do stained glass together sometimes, we built an additional table of a similar size and my wife added a quilted fabric top to both. This is great for cutting glass and we don’t risk damaging our cutting blades.

Between each table is the grinder, which we share. A simple homemade wooden cover around the pinwheel keeps things tidier. We have two long shelves on the wall behind our work table that hold all of our supplies.

Glass storage is always an issue, especially if you’re like us and tend to buy clearance pieces from time to time. We have built several stackable “units” that measure approximately 24″ x 13″ high x 12″ deep. Each of these units has vertical partitions approximately 1″ apart that allow us to store our glass. In fact, we have an extra slot that allows us to keep the Morton System set up all the time. Our circular saw is also in this room.

Of course, a small television is anchored in the corner to prevent noise.

Everything in our little stained glass workshop is homemade except for the adjustable table from Ikea. We have done many stained glass artworks in this room and will do so in the future.

Auto

Auto Detailing and Car Wash: How Electric and Hybrid Markets Could Hurt the Industry

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For those who have jobs in mobile car cleaning services, they can work outside all day while cleaning or washing cars in parking lots. In fact, they also know that cleaning some of the new hybrid vehicles is a lot of fun. Many of these vehicles have three wheels and are really cool aerospace designs. Most of them run as hybrids, which means they run on electricity or a real reciprocating engine that uses gasoline or diesel; some are completely electric.

The interesting thing is that electric vehicles do not get so dirty. This is because they don’t collect a film from the exhaust or petroleum distillates which have positive ions that collect all the dirt and grime that sticks to the outside of the vehicle. Without that sticky exhaust on the car, it doesn’t collect much dust either. So the cars don’t get dirty so they are easy to clean, and most of these cars are smaller so there is less to clean.

Yes, this is very good news if you are a mobile retailer and can charge the same price you used to charge for cleaning a large SUV or Suburban. Unfortunately, if cars don’t get as dirty, customers won’t engage in car washing and detailing services as often. That means there will be fewer washes and fewer cars to detail throughout the week. This could hurt the industry and hurt cash sales for auto retailers and mobile car washes.

So, for one thing, the cars will be easier to clean, and perhaps even without using soap, since the pressure washer will remove all the dirt and there will be no film to clean. That means you don’t need to use a soap mitt or scrub. Also, many of the new finishes on these cars will likely be fiberglass, extremely shiny and smooth surfaces. Some can even be coated with titanium dioxide or self-cleaning coatings, meaning they never need much cleaning.

Not everyone sees the future, or is involved in their industry to the degree that I am, however this is what I see on the horizon, and perhaps mobile auto service companies need to be cognizant of the fact that your industry is changing very quickly. . In fact, I hope you’ll consider this, and if you have any comments or questions, feel free to call me and we can discuss this. Or just send me an email.

Digital Marketing

Top 5 advertising services to promote industrial automation products

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In today’s world of B2B marketing, advertising services provide ruthless advantages to improve your business. These services can attract your customer base that is important to your business before, during, and even after they purchase your products or services. They make you continually evolve with the ever-changing landscape of digital marketing. Promote your products or services to a highly targeted audience segment on the web with services such as direct email marketing, social media marketing, email newsletters, video marketing, and digital marketing.

Grow your business globally by discovering what your customers really want!

Your products can be promoted to specific buyers, suppliers, and manufacturers who are actively searching for the industry-specific products you recommend.

These are the 5 best advertising services to promote industrial automation products:

Direct email marketing

Social Media Promotions

video marketing

Content Marketing

banner advertising

1) Direct Email Marketing

You can make your products/services reach every corner of the world by choosing direct email marketing services. Conceptualized/personalized emails can help you attract the right customers and convert them into leads and increase your business productivity.

Here’s what direct email marketing can do for you:

Target industry-specific audiences

Stay in front of your prospects

Improves your visibility to be found everywhere

Helps increase income (profits)

Eliminate the barriers of distance

If you have not subscribed to or chosen these services, you may not be able to:

conversion tracking

Tracking Sales

Increase customer engagement

In case you haven’t signed up for direct email marketing services, make every click count without delay.

2) Promotions in social networks

Social media promotions speed up the efficiency of your business and help you achieve your unique business goals. Instead of focusing on boosting your business at the beginning of sales cycles, social media marketing connects you with business prospects, decision makers who have a high chance of becoming qualified leads.

Social media channels help:

Execute marketing techniques that motivate audiences to consider your products/brands

Keep your brand in the minds of buyers, suppliers and manufacturers

Generate leads and increase the ROI of your business

Increase brand awareness

Give quick response to customers through messages.

Without social media promotions, you can’t:

Get market insights

Increase brand loyalty

Get more exposure to your brand

Whenever you want to promote your business globally and get a really good ROI, social media marketing is the right thing for you!

3) Video Marketing

Video marketing is the fastest growing and most in-demand form of marketing that has been used to increase the conversion rates of your business. Content-based video marketing helps improve your website’s search engine optimization by driving people to your home page. It’s the best possible way to impact your audience and keep your money working to the best of your competition.

How does video marketing help you?

à It is a simple and very effective way to get to know your target audience and provide them with a basic idea about your product or its functionality. When done perfectly, it provides profitable solutions for your business.

à By using this marketing platform, you can reach the global audience and improve your customer base.

If you do not opt ​​in to these services, you may miss out on:

Create connections with your global customers

improve visibility

Boosting your traffic

To keep your brand/products in the minds of your potential customers, start using video marketing services.

4) Content Marketing

Content marketing is all about creating useful, engaging, value-added content that helps readers. It is used to hold the reader’s attention in various ways. Well-written content needs marketing done right to gain audience traction.

“It’s not the best content that wins, it’s the best promoted content.”

The content must be trustworthy as it directly addresses the image of the company. Content marketing helps achieve the following indicators:

Content marketing is an asset to build the credibility of your company in the market

customer focused

Quality content can help you grow your audience

Eventually improve your brand presence online

Content marketing requires persistence, so keep creating quality content and don’t forget to promote it, promoting content is also very important.

5) Banner advertising

Banner Advertising helps build your brand story that will resonate around the world. Your ideas can come to life with perfectly executed creative banner ad tactics. The banner ads are innovative, eye-catching, aesthetically appealing, and affordable. They help impact your target audience by making them make a decision.

With banner ads, you can:

Attract your target audience

Build brand recognition

encourage visitors

If you want to increase your presence around the world, opt for banner advertising services.

Relationship

easter story

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For children, Easter means oversized bunnies carrying Easter baskets full of goodies. For adults, it can be an excuse to show off their best spring outfits and have a nice dinner with family and relatives, or it can be a solemn religious celebration.

In fact, the holiday known as Easter seems to have had religious significance for thousands of years in every culture from ancient Babylon to modern England, but the exact meaning depended on the religion you were following.

Most cultures in the Northern Hemisphere have had some sort of celebration of the return of spring. In fact, the Persian New Year is celebrated on the date of the spring equinox, as it was for the ancient Romans. One theory is that the word “Easter” refers to the fertility goddess of the Babylonians, known as “Ishtar”. However, there is no strong linguistic link to prove a connection, particularly as Ishtar eventually became identified with the Greek Aphrodite, goddess of female sexuality.

A more likely explanation associates Easter with the old Anglo-Saxon month of Eostremonat, roughly corresponding to modern late March and early April. While some link the festival to a Germanic goddess named Eostre, there is little historical evidence that a goddess by this name was ever worshipped. It is more likely that Eostre referred to the east and dawn and was simply a celebration of spring and the beginning of the agricultural year. Rabbits, the most fertile of creatures, and eggs have long been symbols of fertility and good harvest, so it’s no wonder they’re associated with the holiday and are still presented as Easter gifts.

The Christian holiday of Passover which celebrates the resurrection of Yeshua ben-Yosef, generally recognized as the founder of Christianity, is closely linked to the Jewish holiday of Passover or “Pesach”. In fact, the Last Supper was actually a seder, a special meal that celebrated the exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt. As missionaries spread Christianity throughout pagan Europe in the early years of the common era, it absorbed many pagan traditions as it gained converts. Today, some Christian sects reject Easter for its pagan overtones.

In the Roman Catholic church, Easter not only marks the resurrection, but also the end of a forty-day period of fasting and self-sacrifice known as Lent, which begins the day after Mardi Gras, or “Fat Tuesday.” This celebration, also known in Latin America as “Carnaval”, is intended as a last chance to have fun and pamper yourself before the observance of Lent.

However, as a secular holiday, Easter remains as popular as ever, especially with children who receive Easter gift baskets and enjoy Easter egg hunts, a fitting welcome to spring.

Health Fitness

Can the PH Miracle Diet prevent or control diabetes?

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Statistics show that diabetes is not only the third leading cause of death in the United States, but it is also the number one cause of death among children. Obesity has also increased considerably among children and type II diabetes, or better known as adult-onset diabetes, is increasing every day. One in 12 adults has diabetes. This means that there are more than 16 million people who actually have diabetes, while another 6 million have not yet been diagnosed and are therefore unaware that they have it.

The main causes of type II diabetes are obesity and an unhealthy diet, high stress levels, not exercising regularly or at all, and also increasing old age. High levels of acidity in our bloodstream are the main source of the increase in type II diabetes. Eating foods rich in acid and an unhealthy lifestyle in general causes these high levels of acidity.

Diabetes has been known to mankind for thousands of years. Why, then, is it only now affecting the lives of millions of people across the planet? To understand diabetes, we need to understand the role of insulin in the body and how insulin metabolism can affect our health. It has been found that, even in medical circles, there are certain misconceptions about it.

Doctors believe that diabetes is caused by being overweight, while the truth is that obesity is caused by eating too many complex carbohydrates and simple sugars. The ingredients of this type of food are obtained from refined sugars and wheat, which are acidic foods. One way the body tries to deal with acidic waste is to use fat to neutralize the acids by storing fat in cells.

There is a common belief that blood sugar levels in the body are regulated by insulin. According to medical journals from the 1950s, muscle and fat need insulin to absorb glucose. Glucose is another name for the sugar that is created in our bodies when we eat foods rich in carbohydrates and sugar, and the term “insulin-dependent” was created to describe this process. New research has shown that many other processes in the body can transport glucose. Cells need glucose to support cellular respiration processes, so the body makes sure that glucose is delivered to cells even if only a small amount of insulin is present.

Insulin resistance can be a sign of developing type II diabetes. It is caused by living an acidic lifestyle and eating foods rich in acid. Insulin resistance can be found in the fat cells, the liver, and also in the muscles. These organs and tissues are stimulated by high intake of carbohydrates, sugar, caffeine and even chocolates. When organs and tissues are stimulated, the cells release glucose and blood sugar levels rise. The cells of the body literally get confused and more acid is produced. If this happens regularly, high acidity levels can cause many problems, such as high blood pressure and premature aging, the release of glycogen from the liver can decrease, and the rate at which the body burns fat also decreases.

Acidic foods are the main reason why the body’s tissues are overstimulated, and this in turn can cause a lot of damage to the body. Type II diabetes is one of the symptoms of an acidic lifestyle. To counteract the effects of acidic foods on your pH levels, you need to include plenty of alkalizing vegetables, especially green varieties, green juices, and good fats in your daily diet. If you eat plant proteins that can be found in grains and vegetables, the body will also be able to restore balance levels. By following the pH miracle diet, you will find that by following balanced eating plans you can control or even prevent diabetes.

Legal Law

Raising the corners of your mouth is your hidden superpower

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One of the best examples of success through optimism is Sir Winston Churchill.

His candor, wit, and faith in uplifting others helped guide England from the darkest shadows of World War II to victory over Nazi Germany.

Not just my opinion, here are several others:

When Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of England, the German air force was “dropping plane after plane of bombs on England” at all hours of the day or night. “No one knew if the British Empire would be able to hold out for another week.”

Despite the grim prospect of the Nazis running over France, Belgium and Holland. Joseph P. Kennedy, the American ambassador in London, “told Washington that Britain was finished.”

Cameron C. Taylor wrote: “In the midst of darkness and confusion and facing what seemed to others impossible odds, Churchill took office with optimism and determination.” (*8 Attributes of High Achievers by Cameron C. Taylor)

Churchill understood the Energy of optimism to lay the foundations for victory.

On the day he took office, Churchill wrote: “I felt like I was walking with the destiny that my past life had been just a preparation for this hour for this test… and I was sure I wouldn’t fail.”

The key to Churchill’s bravery “was his boundless optimism”. Optimists are courageous because they depend on the hope “that dangers and threats can be overcome.”

In 1910, Churchill said: “I am one of those who believe that the world is going to get better and better.” He “disapproved of negative thinking.” In 1916, in “an address to his officers in the trenches in France, Churchill urged: ‘Laugh a little and teach your men to laugh… If you can’t smile, smile. If you can’t smile, stay out of the way until you can.'”

On May 13, 1940, Churchill delivered his first speech as Prime Minister to the House of Commons. He said, “You ask, what is our goal? I can answer with one word: Victory… victory despite all the terror, victory no matter how long and hard the road may be… with all the strength that God can give us… I take on my task with optimism and hope I am sure that our cause will not be allowed to fail.” (Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Volume II, His Finest Moment)

Just after becoming prime minister in 1940, Churchill “was informed of a doomsday plan to be implemented in the event of a full-scale German invasion of Britain.” He “would not allow contingency planning for failure, knowing that it would inevitably percolate and breed pessimism.”

The plan: “The royal family and top members of the government would be evacuated to Canada. Churchill resoundingly vetoed the proposal, adding: ‘We will make them regret the day they tried to invade our island.'” (Celia Sandys and Jonathan Littman, “no we will fail”)

Even in the worst of times, Churchill remained optimistic and confident that victory would be achieved.

During a BBC broadcast, Churchill proclaimed: “We are determined to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this, nothing will deter us.”any. We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or anyone in his gang. We will fight it on land, we will fight it by sea, we will fight it in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of its shadow.”

“Churchill not only saw reason for hope and confidence in the darkest days of World War II, but he was able to infuse his unique combination of stoicism and optimism into the backbone of the nation, the military and his own personnel.”

Leo Amery, a minister in the Churchill government said: ‘Nobody leaves his cabinet without feeling like a brave man.’… Great leaders bring out the inner strength that people often don’t know they possess.”

Churchill empowered others to be their best selves!

“Churchill’s determination never to give up and his optimism that victory would be achieved enabled his country to fight bravely and courageously through tremendous difficulties and he also enlisted the support of other countries in the cause until victory was achieved.”

The free world owes Prime Minister Winston Churchill a debt of gratitude. At 66 years old, he inspired, motivated and pushed his people to fight. He was a leader with a positive attitude. In the face of adversity,

On January 24, 1965, Churchill died. “More than 300,000 people passed by his casket and millions watched the funeral” on television paying “his final respects to the man who helped change the course of history.”

Churchill presided over one of the great and most dramatic turning points in civilization. His actions were instrumental in shaping the world we live in today.

“He knew that if he could rally the minds, spirits and hearts of the British people, they would eventually be victorious. Churchill not only saved Britain from defeat, but now, in retrospect, he saved democracy as a form of government in the world”. Here was truly a single individual whose life made a profound difference to everyone on our planet.” Hyrum W. Smith, what matters most (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

What 3 lessons on leadership did Prime Minister Winston Churchill teach?

1) Be optimistic and confident. “It brings out the inner strength of people.”

2) Churchill, ‘Laugh a little and teach your men to laugh’.

3) “If you can’t smile, smile. If you can’t smile, stay out of the way until you can.”

Churchill was a builder and lifter of people.

Lifestyle Fashion

Everything you need to know about inheritance and wills

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Inheritance of property is not a simple procedure. He may have already written his will and assume that when he is no more, the property and everything he owns will automatically pass to the person named in his will. Unfortunately, the legal procedures are not that simple.

When someone dies, the belongings must be passed on to another and this is done through probate court. Regardless of whether the deceased has a written will or not, the procedure remains the same. The probate process is a way in which ownership of the deceased person’s belongings is proven.

The court will first verify whether the property mentioned is indeed that of the deceased. This is confirmed by a person listed as executor in the will or an administrator if there is no written will. The administrator is appointed by the court.

It is the duty of the executor or administrator to safeguard and document all the files that identify the titles. Apart from this, they also confirm if all the debts of the property have been settled. The next step would be for the court to review the instructions on the disbursement of property.

It should also be understood that if the estate is considerably small, you can go ahead and skip probate court. This limit that identifies whether the estate is small varies from state to state and also by dollar amount.

Since these records are considered public records, anyone can request to see them. It is also common to find people with many assets setting up trusts to avoid expense and public disclosure, after which ownership is transferred to the created trust.

These trusts have the ability to go through probate since they already have proven title. These trusts, when properly established, have the ability to keep estates out of the public record, which is considered a very important privacy concern. However, it is very important that the setup is done meticulously.

If people with a trust did not add anything to the trust, they are free to write a will. The complexity of trusts and estates is very high. Although the process followed is pretty much the same each time, there are plenty of exceptions and legal jargon. In the process of recovering from a judgment, the divorce court and probate court prove to be a valuable resource for providing good, authentic information.

Pets

Places where you can find cheap tape for your craft projects

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If you’re looking for a cheap ribbon, you don’t have to wait for the next big sale at your local craft store. No, there are other places where you can buy cheap tapes.

Let me show you where.

Look, I’m always looking for discounts and ways to save money. I usually only go to my local Michael’s or Joann’s Fabrics when I have a coupon. I love your coupons by the way. And they always have a coupon for something. And usually, if I see a tape I like, I’ll buy it while I’m there.

However, what I don’t like is that the tape comes on such small reels. For me, if I like the tape, I want to have enough to do a lot of things with it. Ribbons can be used for many different projects, from dog collars to gift wrapping to decorating your own folders or your handmade purses.

Because of this, I needed to find a place that would sell me more ribbon at a good price. So I looked around.

I wasn’t in the brick and mortar stores

What I found was that it was not the physical stores that had good prices, but the online stores. And the more the selection was the better. I was able to find just about any tape I wanted and more. Oh the elections.

So you have two types of options here. You may choose to purchase your tape from specialty tape stores like these.

  • FuzzyFabric
  • ribbons.cheap

Both sites allow you to purchase ribbon on spools that hold more than a few yards. You can buy ribbons in 10-yard spools or 20-plus yards. Therefore, you will be able to carry out many projects with a single spool. You won’t have to worry about running out of tape and more, you’ll be saving money on your tape.

Another place where you can find cheap tape is the same place where you can find almost anything else for cheap as well. And that place is this.

  • Amazon

This place is a trusted online store where millions of people shop. If you sign up for Amazon Prime, many of their items are available for 2-day shipping, so you’ll get your stuff much faster. If you’re looking for shea butter, a coffee machine, and the latest movie release along with your tape, you can get it all on Amazon and save money at the same time.

Real Estate

The Various Techniques Used to Value the Land of a Property

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The valuation of the land has a direct relationship with an analysis of higher and better use. The comparison between the highest and best use and the land or land value will show whether an existing use is the highest and best use of the land.

The valuation of the land plays a very important role in the total valuation of the value of the property or real estate. Appraisers will often create a land value estimate separate from other real estate features, such as building improvements. Land value and building value will change at different rates depending on improvements and their corresponding depreciation factors. For many real estate valuation estimates, a separate figure for land is the best way to assess perceived value.

While the total property estimate can be obtained from direct comparison or income approaches without separating the land and building values, it may be necessary to value the land separately to separate the land figure from the total property value. real estate. In the cost approach, it is absolutely necessary to estimate land and improvements separately.

Creating an opinion about the value of land can present itself as a separate hurdle in the valuation process. You can use various techniques to obtain an expression of the value of land, including the following:
– Direct comparison
– Extraction
– Residual Land
– Land Rent Capitalization
– Subdivision Development
– Assignment

Generally, the most accurate and effective technique for deriving land value is the direct comparison approach. However, when a limited number of sales are available or when the estimate produced needs additional support, other techniques can be used to support the comparison approach, such as those mentioned above. With the technical allocation, the sales transactions of improved properties can be analyzed or the total prices paid would be distributed between the land and the improvements. Comparable sites under development can also be analyzed and the cost of completed properties must be allocated between land and improvements or buildings. Under the extraction technique, the value of the land is determined by subtracting the estimated value of the depreciated improvements from the known sale price of the property.

The other methods of land valuation that were mentioned use Income Capitalization. The use of these techniques is subject to more limitations and is used less frequently in land estimation. The subdivision development technique is a special method useful in specific cases of land use. The land residual technique is more often used as highest and best use analysis to test the viability of different uses than to value land as part of traditional valuation approaches. Land rent capitalization can be used when land rents and land capitalization rates are available in the market or targeted area. A comparison of that information will then be cross-referenced with the land in question that needs an estimate.